FREE TRADE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH RESOURCES OF IRAN AGRICULTURE

Free trading is considered as index of global economy and factor economic growth in many countries. In this study along with recognition of growth resources, those factors such as surplus value, Labour, capital, energy, government planning and expenditure which playing the main role in economic growth has been identified and analyzed. Also, international trade index impact along with other effective factors on surplus value are considered and estimated. The results show that Labour and energy are the most effective inputs on surplus value respectively. Then supposing that the sector experienced a productive agronomic year and supporting that Iran country was committed to a free trading framework, the relationships between various related variables were analyzed through the econometric & quantitative method to recommend an acceptable situation for joining free trade in global economy process. With respect to significant of international trade coefficient, the result indicates that in study period (1971-2000) the free trading trend had positive impact on surplus value and growth of agricultural sector and moving toward global economy will surplus its sum. But, prevailing difficulties in the agriculture sector's structure and organization may retarded the economic growth, although investment on training programs can improves the growth of agricultural sector and government investment in various part of the this section would be of huge significance. In this research related data are analyzed and after obtaining the results based on discussion some recommendations are presented.Free trading, agriculture, investment, Labour, energy., International Development, International Relations/Trade,

Area-Efficient Spin-Orbit Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory

Spin-orbit torque magnetic random-access memory (SOT-MRAM) has shown promising potential to realize reliable, high-speed and energy-efficient on-chip memory. However, conventional SOT-MRAM requires two access transistors per cell. This limits the use of conventional SOT-MRAM in high-density memories. Thus, various architectures in the literature have been proposed to improve the area efficiency of the SOT-MRAM. In this chapter, these proposals are divided into two categories: non-diode-based SOT-MRAM and diode-based SOT-MRAM cells. The non-diode-based proposals may result in a 1-bit effective area saving up to 50% compared to the conventional SOT-MRAM, whereas the diode-based designs may result in 1-bit effective area-saving of up to 75%. However, the area saving may be accompanied by higher energy and reliability issue penalties. Therefore, here, the various proposals in the literature are presented, highlighting the pros and cons of each design. Moreover, the technology requirements to realize these proposals are discussed. Finally, the various designs are evaluated from both cell and system level perspectives

A COMPARISON OF ORGANIC AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS FOR TOMATO PRODUCTION

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most popular and versatile vegetables in the world, and organic production with a high yield and desirable quality is a target of many producers. The effect of four different fertilizers (chemical, municipal solid waste compost, cattle manure, and spent mushroom compost) on four commercial tomato cultivars (Redstone, Flat, Peto Pride and Chief) was assessed in this research. The highest yield was obtained with the Chief cultivar when fertilized with chemical fertilizer and the lowest value was obtained with Peto Pride fertilized with 20 tonnes per hectare (t/ha) of cow manure. The difference between the two classes of fertilizers (organic and chemical) was not very high so that organic fertilizers are competitive and may be a suitable replacement for chemical fertilizer. According to our results, to achieve maximum yields with organic fertilizers, 20 t/ha of spent mushroom compost can be recommended for the Redstone cultivar, 30 t/ha of cow manure for Flat, 300 t/ha of municipal solid waste compost for Peto Pride, and 300 t/ha of municipal solid waste compost or 20 t/ha of spent mushroom compost can be recommended for the Chief cultivar. These recommended organic fertilizing regimes achieved cultivar yields comparable to the chemical fertilizer treatments, achieving a yield of 98.4% for Redstone, 99.5% for Flat, 97.6% for Peto Pride, and 95.7% for Chief

A pH Switchable Responsive Surface for the Trapping And Release of a Hydrophobic Substance

Solid phase extraction is one of the most widely used techniques to trap and release compounds in a solution. A hydrophobic substance will stick efficiently to a hydrophobic surface (the “like dissolves like” principle). With an introduced response (i.e. pH change), a responsive surface can change from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, weakening the hydrophobic substance’s attraction and thus facilitate in an easy removal. A surface has been prepared having a terminal anthranilic acid (AA) moiety on silica gel particles, microscope slides, and TLC plates in three steps. First, a vinyl group was attached to the surface. Then, this vinyl group was reacted to form a surface carboxylic acid group. Finally, the carboxylic acid group was converted to an amide group that linked to the silica surface. FT-IR, and elemental analysis were used to confirm each step of the synthesis. At low pHs the –COOH group on the AA moiety is neutral and intrahydrogen bonding keeps this moiety’s phenyl (hydrophobic) portion exposed to the surface. The effect has been investigated by measuring contact angles at various pH values. At higher pHs the AA’s carboxylic acid group becomes the charged carboxylate, rendering the surface hydrophilic. Substances can be trapped and released using this unique switching approach. 2-naphthol, for example, is hydrophobic and thus was trapped at lower pHs (pH 4) (hydrophobic surface) and released at higher pHs (pH 10) (hydrophilic surface) on this responsive surfac

The effectiveness of non-regulated HSE cases in the drilling industry

Background and PurposeThe safety case regime, as a control measure to major accident hazard, was introduced to the oil and gas industry, three decades ago, following the Piper Alpha disaster. It appeared that safety cases had not passed the cost-benefit analysis, and its effectiveness had not been ascertained. This study investigated the effectiveness of non-regulated safety cases, within one of the oil and gas drilling companies, by determining its level of utilisation and examining its impact on the risks of major accidents and other rig incidents.MethodThe study design was cross sectional, retrospective and experimental. A questionnaire was administered electronically, after it had been tested and its validity and reliability had been assured, to five rig supervisors of 10 rigs that owned safety cases. Incidents were extracted from the company incident logs. The risk of major accidents and other rig incidents were compared and analysed before and after the introduction of safety cases, and against a control group.ResultsOut of 50 rig supervisors, 42 (84%) completed the questionnaire. The majority of the respondents indicated that they did not perceive a rig safety case as the most effective tool in reducing major accident risks; however, they agreed that safety cases were still required. Moreover, the introduction of safety cases to six rigs did not reduce the risk of major accidents or other rig incidents.Discussion and ConclusionsThe level of utilisation of non-regulated safety cases was evaluated to be below average. Furthermore, the evidence showed that safety cases did not reduce the risk of incidents. Conversely, the majority of the respondents indicated that safety cases were still needed in the drilling industry. The aim and objectives of the study were achieved; four hypotheses were tested, and recommendations were put forward for the company management and future researchers

Aerogel-based plasters for renovation of buildings in Sweden: Identification of possibilities, information deficiencies and challenges

Aerogel-based plasters are a class of high energy efficient wall finishes with declared thermal conductivities around 30-50 mW/(m∙K). Aerogel-based plasters are promising alternatives to substitute conventional insulation materials when renovating uninsulated building envelopes. Aerogel-based plasters have been successfully used in several buildings in a number of European countries but seldom in regions with cold, wet, windy climates combined with freeze-thawing. The potentials for introduction of aerogel-based plasters in Swedish buildings are large as around 27 % of all multi-family residential buildings in Sweden have fa\ue7ades covered by plasters. By using aerogel-based plasters in the renovation of listed buildings, new possible alternatives for solving some of the existing challenges in the renovations of such buildings can be created. This thesis summarizes the work done on addressing the possibilities and challenges associated with the application of aerogel-based plasters in Sweden. The study is from a risk assessment point of view with focus on the hygrothermal performance, long-term durability and compatibility of aerogel-based plasters with other materials when installed in multilayer wall configurations. Literature review, semi-structured interviews, numerical energy simulations, study visits and laboratory measurements are the selected methods for the purpose of this study.The results of the study show that APs are promising materials to improve the energy efficiency in buildings when renovating existing buildings in Sweden. However, and despite the large research efforts on aerogel-based plasters, a complete and reliable set of hygrothermal and mechanical properties for aerogel-based plasters is still lacking. Information about these properties is necessary to perform advanced hygrothermal- and risk assessment analyses. To confirm the performance and to justify the higher investment cost of aerogel-based plasters, their long-term durability and compatibility with other building materials need to be further explored as well. For the future introduction of aerogel-based plasters in Sweden, reliable information and documentation are needed. These are needed to evaluate the economic aspects, service life and adaptability of the material to the Swedish building regulations